In a paper airplane competition with identical weights, speeds, and launch heights, which factor determines the winning airplane?

The winning airplane in a paper airplane competition will be determined by the airplane's ability to generate the most lift while minimizing drag. Lift is the upward force that counteracts the weight of the airplane and allows it to stay in the air, while drag is the resistance the airplane encounters as it moves through the air. Achieving an optimal balance of lift and drag is crucial for sustained flight and distance.

An airplane designed to maximize lift will be able to remain airborne longer, which is essential for both flight time and distance. Conversely, minimizing drag ensures that the airplane does not waste energy overcoming air resistance, allowing it to glide further. In competitions where weights, speeds, and launch heights are matched, the fundamental design principles of aerodynamics — specifically lift and drag — play a significant role in determining which airplane performs best.

While wing shape is an important aspect that can influence both lift and drag, and material used can affect weight and flexibility, the ultimate deciding factor lies in the efficiency of the lift-to-drag ratio. Therefore, the airplane that successfully designs for both maximum lift and minimum drag will dominate in the competition.